Extracellular matrix

An ECM is like a cell wall, they help to structuralize the cell. The main ingredient of the ECM are glycoproteins that are secreted by the cell. Collagen is the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM and it forms strong fibers outside the cell. The receptor cells called integrins transmitt signal between the ECM and cytoskeleton and integrate changes the occur inside and outside of the cell.

Plasmodesmata

Perforated channels that run through the cell wall are what plasmodesmata are. Cytoplasm passes through the plasmodesmata and connects the chemical environments of adjacent cells. The adjacent cells become continuous because the channel of each plasmodesmata are the same and the cytoplasm acts like a rod would through each individual cell. In some circumstances, certain proteins and RNA molecules can pass freely from cell to cell as water does in small solutes.

Nuclear lamina

The nuclear lamina is a net like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.

Flagella

Flagella is responsible for the movement of cells. A special arrangement of microtubules is responsible for the movements of flagella. Some cells that have flagella are: the sperm of animals, algae, and some plants.

Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton is responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell and providing anchorage in organelles. It also aids in cell locomotion and organizes the structures and activities of the cell.

The cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Vacuole

Vacuoles are responsible for moving material around the cell and storing food and/or waste. In fresh water protists, vacuoles are useed to pump excess water out of the cells. They are also used to store pigments and defensive compounds. They have a selective membrane sac that is filled with digestive enzymes. In animal cells, there is no central vacuole.

Peroxisomes

They break down fatty acids into sugars, detoxify alcohol and other poisons in the cell, and produce peroxide (H2O2 -> H2O + O). Peroxisomes have a lipid bilayers and plasma membranes.